What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
What is colorectal cancer?
Cancer is a disease where an uncontrolled division of abnormal “cancer” cells happens in a human body. When this happens in the human colon or rectum (it’s a part of the gastrointestinal system), it is called colorectal cancer (CRC).
It is one of the most common types of cancer, with an estimated 1 in 2,450 Americans diagnosed each year. Coming after skin cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer that is found in both men and women in the United States.
In 2019, nearly 2 million new cases of colorectal, and about 1 million deaths were confirmed worldwide, according to the National Cancer Institute.
- 104,610 new cases of colon cancer
- 43,340 new cases of rectal cancer
What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
Most colorectal cancer is a slow-growing type of cancer that doesn’t spread quickly but causes life-threatening changes in a human body before symptoms become visible. We asked a few clinics and healthcare centers about possible symptoms of colorectal cancer and how to deal with this type of cancer.
Cleveland Clinic answered:
Unfortunately, colorectal cancer might strike without symptoms. For this reason, it is very important to have regular examinations, called colorectal screenings, to detect problems early. However, not all colorectal cancers are without symptoms. One of the early symptoms of colon cancer might be bleeding. Often, tumors bleed only small amounts, off and on, and evidence of the blood is found only during chemical testing of the stool. When tumors have grown larger, other symptoms might develop. They include:
- Change in bowel habits — Constipation, diarrhea, and bowel incontinence, although usually symptoms of other, less serious, problems, can also be a sign of colorectal cancer. These conditions require medical care and are best treated with a great deal of regular and careful monitoring. To find out if you are suffering from any of these conditions, talk with your doctor and check the health care system’s community-based resources, including Cancers.gov and the NIH Consensus Development Panel for the Colorectal Cancer Genomic Information Network (C2GIN).
- Blood on or in the stool — By far the most alarming of all the symptoms, blood on or in the stool can be a symptom of colorectal cancer. However, it does not necessarily indicate cancer. Numerous other problems can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, including hemorrhoids, ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease, to name only a few. In addition, iron and some foods, such as beets, can give the stool a black or red appearance, falsely indicating blood in the stool. However, if you notice blood in your stool, see your doctor to rule out a serious condition and to ensure proper treatment is received. For example, a doctor will tell you the following: how to get rid of hemorrhoid, how to treat ulcerative colitis, etc.
- Unexplained anemia — Anemia is a shortage of red blood cells, the sort that carries oxygen throughout the body. If you are anemic you will most likely feel tired and sluggish, so much so that rest does not make you feel better. This may also make it difficult to fight off the common cold or the flu. There are medications that decrease anemia and help to improve your condition.
- Unusual stomach or gas pain — this can be a sign of abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the colon or rectum.
- Unexplained weight loss — Cancerous cells may prevent the absorption of food cells in the colon which may result in unexpected weight loss. If you notice this, it might be a good idea to have a colon check.
- Fatigue
- Vomiting
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see your doctor to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment. For a patient with colorectal cancer, early diagnosis and treatment can be a life-saver.
Diagnosis includes a physical examination of colon and rectum, a colorectal biopsy, and a review of a history of cancer cases in a patient’s family. A colorectal biopsy is the examination of tissue taken from the colon and rectum. A rectal exam can help detect several conditions that could lead to cancer of the colon.
Treatment options for colorectal cancer can vary depending on the stage of the disease and the type of cancer. They include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and a combination of these therapies. How much each of these will cost varies widely.
For people with colorectal cancer, the average survival rate is about 5 years. That means that about 1 in 5 people diagnosed with colorectal cancer will survive for a year or more. Even better survival rates are possible for people who are diagnosed before Stage III. That’s why the cost of treatment is so important to consider. Each option has its pros and cons and can be pricey.
Aurora Health Care answered:
Colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon or rectum, both of which make up the large bowel) is most curable when found before it causes symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they might include:
- Changes in bowel habits
- Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool (bright red or very dark)
- Abdominal (stomach) cramps or frequent gas pains or bloating
- Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
Riverside Cancer Care Center answered:
A common symptom of colorectal cancer is a change in bowel habits. Symptoms include:
- Having diarrhea or constipation
- Feeling that your bowel does not empty completely
- Finding blood (either bright red or very dark) in your stool
- Finding your stools are narrower than usual
- Frequently having gas pains or cramps, or feeling full or bloated Losing weight with no known reason
- Feeling very tired all the time
- Having nausea or vomiting
Most often, these symptoms are not due to cancer. Other health problems can cause the same symptoms. Anyone with these symptoms should see a doctor to be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. Usually, early cancer does not cause pain. It is important not to wait to feel pain before seeing a doctor.
How to Avoid Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide
Colorectal cancer, affecting the colon and rectum, is one of the most common types of cancer, but it’s also highly preventable with the right lifestyle choices and medical screenings. Understanding how to reduce your risk can make a significant difference. Here’s a detailed guide on how to avoid colorectal cancer and promote overall digestive health.
1. Understand the Risk Factors
Before taking preventative measures, it’s helpful to understand what increases your risk for colorectal cancer:
- Age: Risk increases with age, particularly after 50.
- Family History: A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps can elevate your risk.
- Genetics: Certain genetic conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome increase risk.
- Diet: A diet high in red or processed meats and low in fiber is linked to a higher risk.
- Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity, smoking, and heavy alcohol use are associated with increased risk.
- Health Conditions: Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and type 2 diabetes can contribute to a higher risk.
2. Adopt a Healthy Diet
Diet plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer prevention. Here’s what you can do:
- Increase Fiber Intake: High-fiber foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes help keep the digestive system healthy. Fiber can help reduce the risk by promoting regular bowel movements and possibly reducing inflammation.
- Eat More Fruits and Vegetables: These foods are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that can help protect against cancer.
- Limit Red and Processed Meats: High consumption of red and processed meats like bacon and sausages is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Opt for lean meats, fish, and plant-based protein sources instead.
- Choose Whole Grains: Whole grains like brown rice, oatmeal, and whole wheat products provide additional fiber and nutrients.
- Drink Plenty of Water: Staying hydrated supports healthy digestion and helps prevent constipation.
3. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Obesity is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer. To maintain a healthy weight:
- Engage in Regular Exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week. Activities like walking, jogging, cycling, and swimming are beneficial.
- Avoid Sedentary Behavior: Limit prolonged periods of sitting. Take breaks to stand up and move around if you have a desk job.
4. Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol
- Quit Smoking: Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Seek support from healthcare providers or cessation programs if needed.
- Limit Alcohol Intake: Drinking alcohol in moderation (up to one drink per day for women and two for men) can help reduce your risk. Heavy alcohol consumption is linked to a higher risk of colorectal cancer.
5. Get Regular Screenings
Screening for colorectal cancer is crucial, especially if you have risk factors. Here’s what you need to know:
- Start Screenings Early: The general recommendation is to begin regular screenings at age 45 for those at average risk. If you have a family history or other risk factors, you may need to start earlier.
- Types of Screenings: Several methods are available, including colonoscopy, stool tests (like the fecal immunochemical test or FIT), and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Your doctor can help determine the best option based on your health and risk factors.
- Follow-Up: If polyps or abnormalities are found during a screening, follow-up tests or procedures may be necessary to prevent cancer development.
6. Manage Health Conditions
If you have conditions that increase your risk, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), take proactive steps:
- Follow Medical Advice: Work closely with your healthcare provider to manage and treat any existing health conditions.
- Regular Monitoring: Keep up with regular check-ups and screenings as advised by your doctor to monitor any changes in your health.
7. Consider Aspirin Therapy
Recent studies suggest that regular low-dose aspirin use might help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, particularly in individuals with certain risk factors. However, aspirin therapy can have side effects, so it’s important to discuss this option with your healthcare provider before starting.
8. Stay Informed and Proactive
Being proactive about your health can make a significant difference:
- Educate Yourself: Stay informed about the latest research and guidelines related to colorectal cancer prevention.
- Consult Your Doctor: Regular check-ups and open communication with your healthcare provider can help you stay on top of your health and address any concerns promptly.
9. Promote Overall Digestive Health
Maintaining a healthy digestive system supports overall health and may reduce cancer risk:
- Practice Good Hygiene: Prevent infections and gastrointestinal issues by practicing good hygiene and food safety.
- Manage Stress: Chronic stress can impact digestive health. Incorporate stress management techniques such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, or counseling.
Stages of Colon Cancer
Colon cancer is classified into stages, which help determine the appropriate treatment plan and prognosis:
- Stage 0: The cancer is confined to the innermost layer of the colon lining.
- Stage I: The cancer has grown into the layers of the colon wall but hasn’t spread beyond it.
- Stage II: The cancer has grown through the wall of the colon and may have invaded nearby tissues but hasn’t spread to lymph nodes.
- Stage III: The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant sites.
- Stage IV: The cancer has metastasized to distant organs such as the liver or lungs.
Can Colon Cancer Be Completely Cured? Treatment Options
The treatment of colon cancer typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and other individual factors.
Surgery
Surgery is often the primary treatment for colon cancer, particularly if the cancer is detected early. The goal is to remove the cancerous tumor along with some surrounding healthy tissue. For early-stage cancers, surgery may involve:
- Polypectomy: Removal of polyps during a colonoscopy.
- Colectomy: Removal of part or all of the colon, depending on the extent of the cancer. This may include a partial colectomy or total colectomy.
For more advanced cancers, surgery may also involve the removal of nearby lymph nodes and possibly parts of other organs if the cancer has spread.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It is often used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells or before surgery to shrink tumors. For stage IV colon cancer, chemotherapy is frequently used to manage the disease and improve symptoms.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to target and kill cancer cells. It is more commonly used for rectal cancer and may be used before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapies focus on specific molecules involved in cancer growth. These drugs can be used to target cancer cells more precisely than traditional chemotherapy. They are typically used for advanced colon cancer that hasn’t responded to other treatments.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a newer approach that helps the body’s immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It is generally used for specific types of colon cancer, such as those with certain genetic mutations.
Cure Rates and Prognosis
The potential for a complete cure largely depends on the stage of colon cancer at diagnosis and how well the cancer responds to treatment. Here’s a general overview of prognosis based on cancer stage:
- Stage 0 and Stage I: These early stages have a high cure rate. The five-year survival rate for stage I colon cancer is over 90% when treated promptly and effectively.
- Stage II: The prognosis is still relatively good, with a five-year survival rate ranging from 70% to 90%, depending on how deeply the cancer has penetrated and other factors.
- Stage III: Survival rates decrease as the cancer has spread to lymph nodes. The five-year survival rate is around 50% to 70% depending on the extent of lymph node involvement.
- Stage IV: This stage involves distant metastasis, making it more challenging to cure. The five-year survival rate for stage IV colon cancer is around 10% to 15%. However, advances in treatment have improved outcomes for some patients with stage IV disease.
Advancements in Research
Ongoing research is continually improving our understanding and treatment of colon cancer. Advances include:
- Better Screening Methods: Newer screening technologies and tests are being developed to detect cancer earlier and more accurately.
- Personalized Medicine: Tailoring treatments based on the genetic makeup of the cancer and the patient’s individual characteristics can improve outcomes.
- New Drug Development: Research into new drugs and therapies aims to improve treatment options and reduce side effects.
Conclusion
While no method can guarantee complete prevention of colorectal cancer, adopting these lifestyle changes and proactive measures can significantly reduce your risk. A combination of a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding harmful habits, and timely screenings offers the best approach to avoiding colorectal cancer.
Colon cancer can be effectively treated, and many patients achieve a complete cure, especially when the disease is detected early. The potential for a cure depends on factors such as cancer stage, treatment response, and individual health. Advances in medical research and treatment continue to improve the prognosis for colon cancer patients. If you’re concerned about colon cancer, it’s important to engage in regular screenings, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider. Early detection and proactive treatment remain the best strategies for combating colon cancer and achieving the best possible outcomes.
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